肉多荤文高h羞耻玩弄校园,强被迫伦姧惨叫在线视频,日日噜噜夜夜狠狠久久蜜桃 ,青草视频在线播放,秋霞电影院午夜伦a片欧美

建造技術(shù)和精密模型在設(shè)計(jì)過程中的重要性 / 趙洋

現(xiàn)代建造技術(shù)日新月異,不僅體現(xiàn)在施工方面,也對我們設(shè)計(jì)過程產(chǎn)生很大影響

趙洋封面1縮小.jpg

編者按:現(xiàn)代建造技術(shù)日新月異,不僅體現(xiàn)在施工方面,也對我們設(shè)計(jì)過程產(chǎn)生很大影響。這次我們通過分享建筑師趙洋在求學(xué)和工作期間的個(gè)人作品,來略窺一二。

Editor's Note: Modern construction technologies are changing rapidly, not only in the phase of construction, but it also has a great impact on our design process. This time, we take a glimpse of technology in the architecture design process by sharing personal works of architect Yang Zhao during his study and work periods.

建筑學(xué)園: 現(xiàn)在很多設(shè)計(jì),更倚重于圖紙表達(dá)或者三維模型,你認(rèn)為實(shí)體模型在建筑設(shè)計(jì)中還重要嗎?

Nowadays, many designs rely more on drawings and/or 3D models. Do you think physical models are still important in architecture design process?

趙洋得益于三維軟件的發(fā)展以及VR技術(shù)的進(jìn)步,當(dāng)代的建筑設(shè)計(jì)過程的確更多在電腦中完成。然而,我覺得很多時(shí)候,建筑實(shí)體模型的必要性無可替代。因?yàn)殪披惖男Ч麍D,以及夸大的三維視角和光影效果,是實(shí)體模型中不會發(fā)生的。我們在實(shí)體模型中看到的,是一個(gè)幾乎可以說“素顏“的設(shè)計(jì),而且是360度無死角暴露在設(shè)計(jì)者眼前。正是這樣樸素的設(shè)計(jì)方法,才能夠真實(shí)體現(xiàn)空間關(guān)系、材料運(yùn)用、光影效果等??梢哉f,如果如果實(shí)體模型做出來,讓人覺得設(shè)計(jì)嘆為觀止,最后的建造效果才能有所保障。

Thanks to the development of 3D software and the progress of VR technology, the current architecture design process is indeed mostly accomplished in computers. However, I feel that many times there is no substitute for the necessity of physical models or mock-ups. Because the surreal renderings, the exaggerated three-dimensional perspectives, as well as the light and shadow effects, will not happen in physical models. What we see in physical models are completely real designs that are exposed to the designer's eyes without blind spots. It is such a simple design method that can truly reflect the spatial relationships, material applications, etc. It can be said that if the physical model is made, and the design of it looks amazing, the final construction result would have more guarantee.

建筑學(xué)園: 看到你的作品里的模型,非常細(xì)致,運(yùn)用到哪些技術(shù)呢?

Seeing the models in your works are very detailed, what techniques were used?

趙洋: 的確,其實(shí)我很享受實(shí)體模型的制作過程,因?yàn)榻ㄖ┕ひ擦T,建筑模型也罷,其實(shí)都運(yùn)用了很多建造技術(shù)。作為一個(gè)全面的建筑師,應(yīng)當(dāng)永遠(yuǎn)沖在建造技術(shù)的前線。比如,在我的作品《城市論壇——紐約市藝術(shù)保護(hù)協(xié)會(MAS)總部設(shè)計(jì)》中,用CNC來精雕建筑場地地形;用極光切割來制造大部分的零部件,用極光掃描樹脂高精3D打印來結(jié)構(gòu)部件等等。其中等比例切割的多孔鋁板,為了驗(yàn)證可以實(shí)現(xiàn)投影效果,就用真實(shí)的投影儀和不同尺寸的空隙密度反復(fù)實(shí)驗(yàn),最終設(shè)計(jì)出最佳的尺寸和比例。很多這種現(xiàn)實(shí)中才能實(shí)踐的設(shè)計(jì)與試驗(yàn)都是建筑模型不可取代的重要原因之一。

I really enjoy the process of making physical models, because both construction and architecture models actually use a lot of technologies. As an architect with comprehensive skills, one should always be at the frontline of construction technologies. For example, in my work Civic Forum — The Headquarters Design of Municipal Art Society, CNC was used to carve the topography of the building site; laser cutting was used to manufacture most of the components, and high-precision 3D printing by laser scanning resin to make structural parts and etc. In order to verify that the projection effect can be realized for the perforated aluminum panel, repeated experiments were carried out for different combinations of void densities and sizes with a real projector, and finally the optimal size and density were designed. Many designs and experiments like this can only be tested in reality is one of the important reasons why architecture models cannot be replaced.

建筑學(xué)園: 看到你的作品里,甚至有真實(shí)比例建造大樣,為什么要這樣做呢,有運(yùn)用哪些先進(jìn)技術(shù)?

Seeing that in your works, there are even real-scale construction mock-ups, why so, and what technologies did you using?

趙洋: 在第二個(gè)作品《機(jī)械臂數(shù)字化切割原木建造技術(shù)》中,因?yàn)樵谔接憴C(jī)械臂精密切割木材是否真實(shí)可行,所以最終必須真實(shí)建造至少一個(gè)角落。建造技術(shù)的話,主要就是將三維設(shè)計(jì)軟件、參數(shù)化設(shè)計(jì)、機(jī)械臂和傳統(tǒng)的電鋸進(jìn)行了串聯(lián),從而實(shí)現(xiàn)了傳統(tǒng)木材切割方法無法實(shí)現(xiàn)的精密二維曲面切割。值得一提的是,因?yàn)檫@確實(shí)是比較初創(chuàng)的建造技術(shù),所以反過來也會要求我們在設(shè)計(jì)過程中,推翻之前的平立剖傳統(tǒng)設(shè)計(jì)方法,而需要“因材設(shè)計(jì)“。這樣新型的建造技術(shù)和設(shè)計(jì)方法,也會創(chuàng)造出前所未有的空間體驗(yàn)。

In the second work Digital Curvature—Experimental Study of Digital Wood Fabrication, because we are discussing whether the precision cutting of wood with robotic arm is realistic and feasible, at least one mock-up must be actually built in the end. In terms of construction technology, it is mainly to combine 3D design software, parametric design, robotic arm and traditional bandsaw together, so as to realize the precise two-dimensional curvy surface cutting that cannot be achieved by traditional cutting methods. It is worth mentioning that because this is indeed a relatively new construction technology, it will in turn require us to overthrow the previous traditional design methods, and require "material driven design". Such new construction technology and design method will push designers to create unprecedented spatial experiences.

建筑學(xué)園: 除了繪制圖紙,還需要建造如此精密或者龐大的模型,一定付出了很多的心血,有什么想要總結(jié)的嗎?

In addition to drawings, you built such precise and/or huge models. A lot of effort must have been made. Is there anything you want to summarize?

趙洋: 的確,我們都知道,酷炫的圖做出來是以小時(shí)計(jì),而建造實(shí)體的模型或者結(jié)構(gòu),是以天或者月來計(jì)的。然而,我始終認(rèn)為建筑師不應(yīng)該紙上談兵,真正讓設(shè)計(jì)落地,就要不辭辛勞,在節(jié)點(diǎn)上、空間上、材料上進(jìn)行反復(fù)推敲,多去工地上觀察和學(xué)習(xí)施工技術(shù),才能在設(shè)計(jì)初始就對最終的建造細(xì)節(jié)有把控能力。所以廣義上來講,建筑模型或大樣的不可替代性,可謂貫穿設(shè)計(jì)到施工的全過程。共勉!

Indeed, we all know that it takes hours to make cool pictures, and it takes days or months to build physical models or mock-ups. However, I've always believed that architects should not stay on paper. To really make the design constructible, it is necessary to scrutinize details, spaces, materials and etc. tirelessly, and go to the construction sites to observe and learn construction techniques, so as to have the ability to control the final construction details at the beginning of the designs. Therefore, in a broad sense, the irreplaceability of architecture models or mock-ups can be said to run through the whole process from concept designs to final constructions. Cheers!

Person Info 可以重新排版.jpg

另外,值得一提的是《機(jī)械臂數(shù)字化切割原木建造技術(shù)》在2022芝加哥創(chuàng)新建筑獎(jiǎng)中活得第一名,并且受到湯姆梅恩先生很高的贊譽(yù)。他提到,這樣的建造與設(shè)計(jì)方法與當(dāng)今我們生存的大環(huán)境以及它如何影響建筑設(shè)計(jì)的走向息息相關(guān)。

獲獎(jiǎng)網(wǎng)站參考:https://spectacular.design/sp/afireyang

In addition, it is worth mentioning that Digital Curvature—Experimental Study of Digital Wood Fabrication won the first place in the 2022 Chicago Spectacular Innovation Architecture Award, and was highly praised by Mr. Thom Mayne. He mentioned that such construction and design methods are extremely relevant at where we are today in the broader environment and how it affects architecture. Winning website refer to: https://spectacular.design/sp/afireyang

Spectacular Innovation Award 1st Prize 1-1.jpg

建造技術(shù)和精密模型在設(shè)計(jì)過程中的重要性 / 趙洋

建造技術(shù)和精密模型在設(shè)計(jì)過程中的重要性 / 趙洋

建造技術(shù)和精密模型在設(shè)計(jì)過程中的重要性 / 趙洋


01

城市論壇——紐約市藝術(shù)保護(hù)協(xié)會(MAS)總部設(shè)計(jì)

Civic Forum — The Headquarters Design of Municipal Art Society

1-1.jpg

約市藝術(shù)保護(hù)協(xié)會 (MAS)是一個(gè)非營利性會員制保護(hù)組織,旨在鼓勵(lì)全市進(jìn)行深思熟慮的規(guī)劃和城市設(shè)計(jì)從而保護(hù)紐約市的歷史、文化和社區(qū)。這個(gè)項(xiàng)目是打算重新設(shè)計(jì)與建設(shè)MAS的紐約市總部。辦公當(dāng)然是這個(gè)項(xiàng)目的主要功能之一,但為了樹立MAS為紐約文化和歷史著想,心系紐約市民生活的形象,此建筑需滿足多種需求。因此,協(xié)會主席提出此項(xiàng)目應(yīng)包含辦公、教室、圖書館、咖啡廳和展廊,以及公共論壇,這也將是此項(xiàng)目最重要的功能,因?yàn)樗鼘楦鞣N演講、講座、座談會提供場所。這個(gè)公共論壇的空間設(shè)計(jì),也會間接決定紐約市民如何看待MAS在市政功能中的形象。

The Municipal Art Society (MAS) is a nonprofit, membership-based organization in New York City that encourages thoughtful planning and urban design across the city to preserve the history, culture, and neighborhoods. This project is intended to design and build MAS' headquarters in NYC. Of course, office is one of the main functions of this project, but in order to establish MAS's image of protecting culture, history and the life of New York citizens, this building needs to fulfill multiple needs. Therefore, the chairman of MAS proposed that this project should include offices, classrooms, a library, a café, an exhibition hall, as well as the public forum, which is the most important function, for holding lectures, speeches and other social interactions. How the forum can be designed to serve the public decides how the citizens see MAS.

1673421013741033.jpg

項(xiàng)目所在地塊比較特殊,是Meatpacking、West Village 和Chelsea三個(gè)區(qū)的交界處的一塊三角地。

這三個(gè)區(qū),歷經(jīng)二戰(zhàn)經(jīng)濟(jì)大蕭條、后工業(yè)時(shí)代蓬勃發(fā)展、近七十到九十年代的嬉皮文化和經(jīng)濟(jì)衰落、以及二十一世紀(jì)的城市更新和藝術(shù)社區(qū)的新建,可以說大起大落一百多年,形成了自己獨(dú)有的飽含舊的工業(yè)時(shí)代建筑與新的充滿城市生活氣息和藝術(shù)氣息的綜合城市風(fēng)貌。

這個(gè)三地交界地塊,往西直達(dá)高線公園南端起點(diǎn),也就是Whitney Museum;南側(cè)緊鄰一個(gè)公共公園,是市民平日室外活動的場所,包含兩個(gè)籃球場;緊貼地塊的是一座公寓樓,好在主要是公寓樓的垂直交通立面,影響不大;北側(cè)緊鄰一個(gè)高中,需要較為安靜的街道環(huán)境。

接下來我們就要通過各種策略,讓建筑的公共空間從對面的公園開始層層遞進(jìn),并與周邊的工業(yè)與藝術(shù)氣息融為一體,盡可能多地滿足市民和辦公人員的需要,打造一個(gè)城市客廳,完全開放地接納紐約市民。

The site of the project is quite special — it is a triangular land at the junction of the three districts of Meatpacking, West Village and Chelsea. These three districts have gone through the Great Depression of World War II, the vigorous development of the post-industrial era, the hippie culture and economic decline in the 1970s to 1990s, and the urban renewal and new artistic community development in the 21st century. It can be said that there are ups and downs for more than a century, and it has formed its own unique comprehensive urban style full of old industrial buildings, new urban life and artistic atmosphere. To the west of the site is the starting point of the southern end of the High Line Park, which is the Whitney Museum; the south of the site is a public park, which is a place for citizens to have outdoor activities, including two basketball courts; close to the site is an apartment (fortunately, it is mainly the facade of the vertical circulation, which has little impact); the north side is a high school, which requires a relatively quiet street environment. Next, various strategies will be applied for designing the building within the context to create a series of public spaces with local industrial and artistic atmosphere to fully accommodate the needs of citizens and office workers, and create an urban living room, fully open to the citizens of NYC.

1-3.jpg

1-4.jpg

1-5.jpg

在體量上,為了讓建筑可以更好地與周圍地塊相連,采取了場地后側(cè)一層架空的方法,讓場地完全打開,南北通透;并對建筑后側(cè)體量進(jìn)行削減,從而形成三角形開放姿態(tài),示意市民來建筑參觀;在建筑后廣場主入口處,做圓弧角處理,使人流順暢進(jìn)入建筑;最后,在前廣場次入口處,削減體量,下沉進(jìn)入,從而形成較為開闊和親密的廣場空間,并形成立體展示面,向從東向西路過或者進(jìn)入地塊的人流能夠清楚地看到二層建筑論壇里面在發(fā)生的事情。

在對最重要空間——公共論壇的處理上,從入口開始,由緩步的樓梯和吊頂形成的曲面,共同塑造一個(gè)完全歡迎進(jìn)入的空間姿態(tài),并在論壇結(jié)尾空間最后予以通高二層體量來增強(qiáng)其公共性與重要性。在建筑樓層上,通過錯(cuò)層的方式,最高效率利用入口中庭的公共樓梯,將建筑體量東西兩側(cè)交錯(cuò)相連。

建筑屋頂形成兩個(gè)屋頂花園,近處與對面公園相連,遠(yuǎn)處與高線公園遙相呼應(yīng),打造城市公園一角。通過這樣一系列策略,最終形成了,從地下半層或首層開始,空間私密度逐步向上遞進(jìn)的趨勢,其功能依次為咖啡廳、公共論壇,展廊、圖書館、教室、辦公室與會議室。

In terms of massing, in order to allow the building to better connect with the surrounding, the rear side of the site is elevated to completely open and connect north and south; and the volume of the rear side of the building is carved out, In this way, a triangular open posture is formed to signal citizens to visit the building; at the main entrance, the volume of an arc corner is sculptured to make the flow of people enter the building more smoothly; finally, at the front plaza, the volume is shaved off, and the entrance is sunken, so that a relatively open and intimate space is formed, also displaying what is happening on the second floor in the forum for people who travel westbound toward the site. In the treatment of the most important space—the public forum, starting from the entrance, the curved surfaces formed by the shallow stairs and the suspended ceiling together create a completely welcoming posture, and the space at the end of the forum is raised to a double-floor volume to enhance its publicity and importance. In terms of building floors, the public staircase at the entrance atrium is used most efficiently through the split-level approach, and the east and west sides of the building volume are staggeredly connected. The roof of the building forms two gardens, which are connected to the park across the street, and echoes with the High Line Park in the distance, creating an anchor of the city park. Through such a series of strategies, finally formed, starting from the bottom, the gradual change of increasing spatial privacy, and its functions in sequence are coffee shop, public forum, exhibition gallery, library, classroom, office and conference room.

1-6.jpg

1-7.jpg

1-8.jpg

在建筑技術(shù)層面上,建筑的保暖和采光對于地處嚴(yán)寒的紐約市的公共建筑尤為重要。

通過用參數(shù)軟件模擬建筑的保溫隔熱材料、開窗面積、玻璃材料與遮陽措施,可以發(fā)現(xiàn),全年每天的舒適度從較多在舒適度范圍以外,轉(zhuǎn)變到到絕大多數(shù)集中在舒適范圍內(nèi)。再加上夏天多采用自然通風(fēng)以及冬天主動供暖,則可以較為經(jīng)濟(jì)節(jié)能地保證使用者的舒適。

在采光方面,南側(cè)使用了較多的玻璃幕墻,如果不加以遮擋,必然會采光過度,不適合室內(nèi)辦公,因此南側(cè)的遮光板至關(guān)重要,其多空金屬板空洞的大小和密度通過測試,最終以直徑1 ?”為直徑最佳,可以最多小時(shí)數(shù)保證室內(nèi)有合適的自然采光。

另外一個(gè)原因選擇這樣的孔洞和密度是因?yàn)?,遮光板除了遮陽的作用,還可以用來投影,是絕佳展示空間,不管是傳播有利于紐約城市與市民的信息,還是在夏夜播放電影,都將為城市空間注入更多活力。如果孔洞太大太密,則很難形成有效投影,所以這樣的尺度和密度也經(jīng)過三維模擬以及真實(shí)的模型加以論證,證明了其較好的立面整體性和投影效果。同時(shí)從建筑內(nèi)部向外看,因?yàn)殡x遮陽板較近,所以可以很清楚地讓視線穿透,可以在辦公時(shí)完全欣賞對面的公園與街景,享受人間煙火的同時(shí)也提醒自己的為城市和市民服務(wù)的使命。

In terms of architectural technology, building envelope and lighting are particularly important for public buildings in New York City, which is located in the severe cold climate. By using parametric software to simulate the thermal insulation materials, window areas, glass materials and shading area, it can be found that the daily comfort level throughout the year has changed from mostly outside the comfort zone to mostly concentrated in the comfort zone. Coupled with the use of natural ventilation in summer and heating in winter, eventually it can be pretty economical and energy-saving to ensure the comfort of users. In terms of lighting, a lot of curtain walls are used on the south facade. If they are not shaded, the lighting will inevitably be excessive, which is not suitable for indoor offices. The sizes and density of the hollows on metal panels of the shades are tested, and the diameter of 1 ?” is finalized to be the best, which can ensure proper natural lighting in the room for the maximum number of hours. Another reason for choosing such a size and density is that, in addition to the function of shading, the perforated metal panels can also be used for projection, which is an excellent display space, whether it is showing information about the city and citizens or playing movies on summer nights, it will activate urban spaces even more. If the hollows are too large and too dense, it will be difficult to form an effective projection. Therefore, such size and density are also demonstrated through 3D simulation and real models, which proves its good facade integrity and projection effect. At the same time, looking out from the inside of the building, because it is closer to the metal panels, they can clearly let the line of sight penetrate. You can fully appreciate the park and street view when you are working, which reminds yourself the mission to serve the city and citizens.

1-9.jpg

建筑結(jié)構(gòu)上,垂直交通核心筒與樓板為混凝土澆筑,其余為鋼結(jié)構(gòu)。展廊部分因?yàn)樾枰纬梢粚蛹芸眨哉麄€(gè)展廊做成高約一層的桁架,提供一層的無柱空間,打造通透的廣場。南側(cè)的遮陽板面積較大,需要將較為完整的多空金屬板連接到背后的輕鋼框架結(jié)構(gòu)。這樣的結(jié)構(gòu)會穿透玻璃幕墻與鋼柱連接,并做好隔熱,防止熱橋。同時(shí),由于鋼框架較大,需輔助鋼纜拉結(jié),從而形成輕盈優(yōu)雅而堅(jiān)固的建筑形態(tài)。由于建筑在低層較為通透,視線與動線可穿越整個(gè)地塊,所以整個(gè)建筑在結(jié)構(gòu)上顯得輕盈而精密,仿佛漂浮在城市上空的船只。

In terms of building structure, the vertical core and floor slabs are poured with concrete, and the rest are steel structure. Because the exhibition gallery needs to be completely elevated, it is entirely made into a truss of one-floor height to provide a column-free space on the first floor for the main entrance plaza. The metal shade on the south facade is of a large area, and it is necessary to connect perforated metal panels to the light steel frame structure behind. Such a structure will penetrate the curtain walls and connect to the steel columns, and it will be well insulated to prevent thermal bridges. At the same time, due to the large sizes, steel cables are needed to form a light, elegant and strong steel frame structure. Since the building is relatively transparent on the lower floors, the line of sight and circulations can pass through the entire site, so whole building appears light and delicate structurally, like a ship floating above the city.

1-10.jpg

1-11.jpg

在建筑內(nèi)部空間上,下沉的咖啡廳,采用了和室外同樣的鋪地,顯示出一種地下的街頭風(fēng)格;公共論壇與圖書館共用二層通高,并在建筑正立面進(jìn)行展示,顯示出其對公眾開放的特性;辦公室與其他公共空間相隔,形成較為安靜舒適的空間,其末端與南側(cè)遮陽的開洞重疊,形成有很好的視野的休息區(qū);最后,較低層的屋頂花園與會議室相連,供員工休息,最頂層的屋頂花園則供予市民使用,使其與南側(cè)公園和高線公園在視覺上連為一體。

In the interior, the sunken cafe adopts the same pavement as the outdoor, showing an underground street style; the public forum and the library share the double-height space, and are displayed on the front facade of the building, which shows its characteristics of being open to the public; the office is separated from other public spaces to form a quieter space, and its triangular end overlaps with the opening on the south facade to form a rest area with a good view; finally, the lower-level roof garden is connected to the meeting room for employees, and the roof garden on top is for citizens, making it visually connected with the south side park and the High Line Park.

1-12.jpg

最后,在景觀上,南側(cè)街道與公園進(jìn)行統(tǒng)一重新設(shè)計(jì),利用鋪裝,形成強(qiáng)烈的導(dǎo)向性,從而鼓勵(lì)大家從公園走向建筑進(jìn)行參觀。在建筑南側(cè)空出合適的距離后,有一座小型的看臺和投影儀,供人們?nèi)粘5男菹⒁约坝^影。除了重新配置許多休憩空間與樹木,我們還將兩個(gè)球場置入下沉廣場,這樣不僅在是線上不會對MAS總部有任何遮擋,而且會讓路過的人更關(guān)注到球場上的活動。從室外到室內(nèi),從地下到屋頂,充滿了各式各樣的公共活動。市民們來到這個(gè)場地,可以在鍛煉體力與腦力中度過一整天,充分享受城市給市民帶來的福利,這不僅是好的城市規(guī)劃與建筑設(shè)計(jì),也是MAS創(chuàng)立的宗旨。

Finally, in terms of landscape, the street on the south and the park are redesigned in a unified way, and the pavement is used to form a strong orientation, thus encouraging people to visit the building from the park. After a suitable distance is left on the south side of the building, there is a small audience space and a projector, for people resting and watching movies. In addition to reconfiguring many open spaces and trees, we also placed two basketball courts in the sunken plaza, so that not only will there be no obstruction seeing the MAS headquarters, but also it will make passers-by pay more attention to the activities on the court. From outdoor to indoor, from underground to rooftop, it is full of various public activities. When citizens come to this site, they can spend a whole day exercising their physical and mental strength, and fully enjoy the benefits that the city offers. This is not only good urban planning and architectural design, but also the fundamental aim of MAS.

1-13.jpg

02

機(jī)械臂數(shù)字化切割原木建造技術(shù)

Digital Curvature—Experimental Study of Digital Wood Fabrication


1-1.jpg

工業(yè)化時(shí)代下生產(chǎn)的建造木材,只能選擇一定范圍以內(nèi)的樹木品種,而且因?yàn)橐圃斐鰳?biāo)準(zhǔn)尺寸的木材,很多原木材料都會被浪費(fèi)。可以說,樹木本身是千差萬別,品種、尺寸、顏色以及長勢各不相同,然而木材的生產(chǎn)卻始終在追求標(biāo)準(zhǔn)化、單一化,去除任何不符合標(biāo)準(zhǔn)的“異類”,這與大自然賦予樹木的無限可能性背道而馳,不僅在木材的生產(chǎn)效率上較為低下,而且?guī)缀鯇⒚靠脴淠舅鶎俚奶匦员煌耆ⅰkS著現(xiàn)代技術(shù)的進(jìn)步,是否能夠用更巧妙的方法開發(fā)木材,是否可以用三維模擬和機(jī)械臂精密切割更大效率地挖掘每棵樹木的潛力?如果可以做到這些技術(shù)的結(jié)合,設(shè)計(jì)木制房屋或建材的自由度將完全被打開,新的建筑形式也會應(yīng)運(yùn)而生。

The construction timber produced in this industrial era can only choose a certain range of tree species, and because of the need to produce standard-sized timber, many log materials will be wasted. It can be said that the trees themselves are very different in variety, size, color and growth. However, the production of wood products is always pursuing standardization and simplification, and removing any "heterogeneous" that does not meet the standards. This goes against with the unlimited potential the nature empowers with trees — not only is the production efficiency of wood lower, but also the characteristics of each tree are completely obliterated. With the advancement of modern technology, is it possible to develop wood in a more ingenious way, and can the potential of each tree be explored more with 3D simulation and robot arms precision cutting? If these technologies can be combined, the freedom of designing wooden buildings or wood materials will be completely opened, and new architectural forms will emerge.

1-2.jpg

為了可以大刀闊斧地應(yīng)用機(jī)械臂,就用有限的研究經(jīng)費(fèi)購置一臺二手的之前用來生產(chǎn)汽車的德國品牌KUKA機(jī)械臂。然而,機(jī)械臂在運(yùn)作時(shí),會產(chǎn)生很大慣性,所以要做的第一步就是設(shè)計(jì)并搭建一個(gè)堅(jiān)實(shí)和安全的工作平臺。為了不破壞工作間本身,所以選擇了切割并焊接了一個(gè)井字形的鋼鐵框架,用螺絲固定在水泥地面上;然后澆筑了八塊水泥配重,使其在牢固的基礎(chǔ)上不發(fā)生抖動;最后又設(shè)計(jì)了一個(gè)安全圍籠系統(tǒng),可以用來即時(shí)停止危險(xiǎn)操作,并避免任何人與機(jī)械臂在運(yùn)作時(shí)近距離接觸。

In order to make the best use of the robot arm, the limited research funds were used to purchase a second-hand German brand KUKA robot arm that previously served on automobile production lines. However, when the robot arm is in operation, it will generate a lot of inertia, so the first step is to design and build a solid and safe working platform. In order not to damage the workshop itself, we chose to cut and weld a well-shaped steel frame, and fix it on the concrete floor with screws; then poured eight cement counterweights to prevent it from shaking; finally A safety cage system is also designed, which can be used to stop dangerous operations immediately and avoid close contact between anyone and the robot arm during operation.

1-3.jpg

做完這些,就是需要研究如何將平日切木材的機(jī)器連接到機(jī)械臂臂段,使其切出平日里不可能做到的軌跡。較為簡單的當(dāng)然是鏈鋸,因?yàn)殒滀徯∏?,可以從任意方向深入,然而鋸齒本身較厚,所以并不能切弧線,而且鏈鋸損耗較大,切所有材料都需要考慮一定量的誤差。與其如此,不如研究下如何連接帶鋸機(jī),因?yàn)閹т彊C(jī)可以切十分精妙的弧線,損耗很小,雖然體積較為龐大,但配合木材放置方位,還是可以做到靈活走位的。因此單獨(dú)為鏈鋸機(jī)設(shè)計(jì)了一套結(jié)構(gòu)系統(tǒng),并把各種鋼結(jié)構(gòu)焊接和用螺絲固定在了一起,通過幾次測試,發(fā)現(xiàn)這對于機(jī)械臂來說,算比較輕松的荷載。

After doing this, it is necessary to study how to connect cutting saws to the robot arm, so that it can cut out tracks that are impossible in a normal sense. Attaching chainsaw is relatively simple. Because the chainsaw is kind of nimble, it can go deep in any direction. However, the sawtooth itself is thick, so it cannot cut curves and would generate a certain amount of material loss. Considering the short comes of chain saw, it is better to study how to connect the band saw, because a band saw can cut very delicate curves with very little loss. Although the volume of a band saw is relatively large, it can still move flexibly through the wood material. Therefore, a structural system was designed for the chain saw alone, and various steel components were welded and fixed together with screws. After several tests, it was found that the band saw is still a light load for the robot arm.

1-4.jpg

做完對與機(jī)械臂與刀鋸的研究,下一步就是對樹木本身的研究。如圖可以看到,即使是最不適合成材的樹木,只要通過三維掃描和三維建模,就可以挖掘到超過一半可以用來制造建材的材料何況其他各種各樣的品種。同時(shí),切割樹干的方法也分許多種:可以在較為標(biāo)準(zhǔn)的樹干上,切出弧線;可以通過扭轉(zhuǎn)切割路徑,切出二位曲面;也可以順著樹干的生長方向切出很多片層等。與傳統(tǒng)設(shè)計(jì)理念不同的是,這樣的設(shè)計(jì)方法要求設(shè)計(jì)者在初始要從材料的特性開始逐漸推導(dǎo),朝向已知的設(shè)計(jì)愿景不停探索,直到在兩者中間達(dá)成一致,從而生成具有唯一性的建筑設(shè)計(jì)。

After finishing the research on the robot, the next step is to study the tree itself. As can be seen in the diagram, even the most unsuitable trees have more than half of the materials that can be used to make building components, through 3D scanning and 3D modeling, not to mention there are various species. At the same time, there are many ways to cut the trunk: you can cut out curves on a more standard trunk; you can cut out a two-dimensional curved surface by twisting the cutting path; you can also cut out many layers along the growth direction of the trunk, etc.  Different from the traditional design concept, this method requires the designer to explore the characteristics of the material at the beginning, and continue working towards the known design vision until a consensus is reached, so as to generate an absolute unique design.

1-5.jpg

這幾種切法中,隨著樹木的生長趨勢進(jìn)行切片可以最省材料,并且完全尊重樹木的特性。經(jīng)過對一段樹枝的三維掃描和建模,我們在電腦中提前設(shè)想了這段樹枝如果被切成十四片,可以拼接出什么樣的效果。通過三維模擬,我們發(fā)現(xiàn),可以通過橫向和縱向的角度調(diào)整,形成形狀各異的曲面??梢韵胂笕绻麑⒉煌瑯涓傻牟煌蟹ㄇ谐鰜淼牟煌静倪M(jìn)行拼接,可能性是無限的。于是,用尺度較小的樹枝進(jìn)行了多組模擬,來探索其拼接組合的可能性??梢园l(fā)現(xiàn),因?yàn)榍娴奶匦?,在橫向和縱向上的圍合都綽綽有余,并且會形成一種模糊立面與屋頂?shù)慕ㄖJ?,這樣其實(shí)更符合樹木這種材料的有機(jī)特性。

Among these cutting methods, slicing along the growth direction of the logs can save the most material and fully respect the characteristics of the tree. After 3D scanning and modeling of a small branch, we imagined what effect the branch would have if it were cut into fourteen pieces. Through 3D simulation, we found that the horizontal and vertical angles can be adjusted to form various shapes. It is conceivable that if different woods from different cuts of different trunks are spliced together, the possibilities are endless. Therefore, multiple groups of simulations were carried out with small branches to explore the possibility of splicing and combining. It can be found that because of the characteristics of the curved surfaces, these wooden curvy surfaces can enclose horizontally and vertically sufficiently, and would form an architectural pattern that blurs the facade and roof, which is actually more in line with the organic characteristics of trees.

1-6.jpg

當(dāng)三維模擬做完之后,就可以去林中尋找原木。因?yàn)楣ぷ鏖g離森林較近,所以,倒在林中的可用之材很多,這就從源頭上停止了過度砍伐。找到一根完全不橫平豎直的“非常規(guī)”木材,對其進(jìn)行細(xì)致的三維掃描和重建,就可以在三維軟件中以極高的精度還原這塊原木。為了在空間中固定原木,使其在機(jī)械臂操作的情況下可以紋絲不動,三個(gè)鋼鐵焊接出來的錨件被設(shè)計(jì)了出來,并且通過軟件的三維模擬,精準(zhǔn)地與安全圍籠系統(tǒng)中的坐標(biāo)對齊,并牢牢地錨在了水泥地面上。通過只連接錨件和原木的一側(cè),從而給予了帶鋸很大的活動空間。最終經(jīng)過在軟件中的反復(fù)模擬和斟酌,終于選擇使用沿著原木走向的切法,切出只有一英寸厚(2.5毫米)的十三片建材。并按照事先模擬進(jìn)行拼接和組裝,最后形成了一個(gè)高達(dá)九英尺(2.7米)的建筑立面。并且由于其本身的紋路和拼接方式,這樣的建筑立面不需要附著在更多的結(jié)構(gòu)上,只需要將其底部固定,則可獨(dú)立支撐。為了讓如此重的原木可以看起來像羽毛一樣輕盈,又利用了曲面重心在空間的原理,設(shè)計(jì)了一組輕鋼結(jié)構(gòu),四兩撥千斤使其漂浮在空中??梢哉f,只需要將輕鋼結(jié)構(gòu)固定在地基內(nèi),并且做好防水,建筑的一角已然完成。

When the 3D simulation was done, we went to the forest to find logs. Because the workshop was close to the forest, there were a lot of usable materials laying on the ground, which prevented material waste from the source. After finding an "unconventional" log that is straight at all, and performing detailed 3D scanning, we restored this log with extremely high precision in 3D software. In order to fix the log in space so that it could remain still under the operation of the robot arm, three welded steel anchors were designed. And through the 3D simulation, they were precisely aligned with the coordinates in the safety cage system, and firmly anchored down to the concrete floor. By only attaching the anchor to one side of the log, this gave the band saw a lot of room to move. Finally, after repeated simulations in the software, I finally chose to use the cutting method along the direction of the log to cut out thirteen pieces of wood material with a thickness of only one inch. They were spliced and assembled according to the previous simulation, and finally formed a building facade with a height of nine feet. And because of its own texture and splicing method, such a building facade does not need extra structure, but only a foundation, then it can stand independently. So, a set of light steel structures were designed to support the fa?ade to float in the air, which seems delicate and light. It can be said that after the light steel structure being fixed into the foundation and the fa?ade itself being waterproofed, a corner of the building has been completed.

1-7.jpg

值得一提的是,得益于機(jī)械臂和鏈鋸本身的高精度,以及錨件為原木帶來的空間上的穩(wěn)定性,最終切割出來的建材也十分精確。雖然都是極為沉重的工具,卻可以做出如此精細(xì)的成果,讓所有的機(jī)械技術(shù)和電腦信息技術(shù)最終體現(xiàn)在鏈鋸上的一點(diǎn),不禁讓人感嘆。并且,整棵原木只有端頭處用來固定,其他超過百分之九十的材料完全被使用。同時(shí),鋼鐵的錨件也可以反復(fù)使用在之后切割不同的原木材料上。可以說在切割的精度,復(fù)雜度和節(jié)省材料上,是原先的技術(shù)所做不到的。

It is worth mentioning that, thanks to the high precision of the robot arm and chain saw itself, and the spatial stability brought by the anchors, the final cut wood materials were very precise. Although they are all extremely heavy tools, they can produce such delicate results. It is amazing that all the mechanical technology and computer information technology are finally reflected on the chain saw concentratedly. Moreover, only the ends of the whole log were used for fixing, and more than 90% of the materials were completely used. At the same time, steel anchors can also be used repeatedly to cut different logs later. It is safe to say the cutting accuracy, complexity and material saving are beyond the traditional technology.

1-8.jpg

最后,想象一下這樣的建造方法可以產(chǎn)生多么新穎的建筑——如果有很多各式各樣的曲面建材,那么當(dāng)立面剝離地面的時(shí)候,窗戶也就自然形成;亦或是立面圍合起來的空間,使用天窗進(jìn)行自然采光則更為合適;亦或是因?yàn)榍姹旧?,立面和屋頂在某些時(shí)候也完全可以融合在一起。而且在建筑可持續(xù)這方面,這樣的建筑設(shè)計(jì)方法有很強(qiáng)的優(yōu)勢:首先木材是可持續(xù)材料,其次這樣的切割方法最大化利用了木材,并且通過結(jié)合多種科技制造出高精度高復(fù)雜度的建材。在這同時(shí),新的建筑類型可以被探討,因?yàn)檫@樣的建筑語匯由建筑材料決定,也因此生成完全標(biāo)新立異的建造邏輯和建筑空間。

Finally, imagine how novel buildings can be produced by such construction method — if there are many kinds of curved wooden surfaces, then when the facade is peeled off the ground, windows would be naturally formed; or when facades are enclosed, It is more appropriate to use skylights for natural lighting; or because of the curved surface itself, the facade and the roof can be completely integrated at certain moments. In terms of building sustainability, this architectural design method has strong advantages: first, wood is a sustainable material; and this cutting method maximizes the use of wood, and combines multiple technologies to create high-precision and high-complexity building materials. At the same time, new architectural typologies can be explored. Because such architectural vocabulary is determined by building materials, it generates completely unconventional construction logics and architectural spaces.

.END 

作者:趙洋

編輯排版:建筑學(xué)園

本作品由作者投稿,建筑學(xué)園編輯,文中圖片版權(quán)歸作者所有。

上一篇 2023-02-07 上午8:30
下一篇 2023-02-08 上午7:30